What is a Controllable Risk? Examples & Management

The implementation of effective risk management strategies within an organization necessitates a thorough understanding of various risk categories, and compliance with standards set by organizations like the Project Management Institute becomes crucial. A critical component of this understanding involves differentiating between risks that can be influenced and those that cannot, directly impacting a project’s probability of success; for example, a safety hazard on a construction site constitutes a controllable risk. The identification and mitigation of these influenceable threats forms the basis of proactive risk management, wherein the level of control exerted directly affects the likelihood and impact of potential adverse events, shaping the strategies employed by risk management professionals and, therefore, clarifying what is a controllable risk. Moreover, the development and application of risk assessment tools like the Risk Matrix are crucial in quantifying these risks, allowing businesses to prioritize and manage them effectively, thus minimizing operational disruptions and financial losses.

Understanding Risk Management: A Foundational Overview

Risk management stands as a cornerstone of successful and resilient organizations. It ensures safety, operational effectiveness, and the achievement of strategic goals.

This foundational section introduces the core tenets of risk management. This provides a framework for understanding its pervasive influence and practical deployment across diverse sectors.

Defining Risk and Its Significance

At its core, risk is the potential for an event to occur. This occurrence may impact an organization's objectives, either positively or negatively. It is often quantified by assessing the probability of the event occurring and the magnitude of its potential impact.

Risk is inherently linked to both organizational success and safety. Effective risk management safeguards assets, minimizes liabilities, and protects personnel. Failure to proactively manage risk can lead to financial losses, reputational damage, and, in severe cases, catastrophic incidents.

Core Concepts in Risk Management

Understanding risk management requires familiarity with interrelated concepts. These define the landscape of hazards, assessments, controls, and acceptable risk levels.

Here’s an exploration of each concept.

Hazard

A hazard is any source of potential harm or adverse health effect on something or someone. It can be a substance, activity, or condition. Unlike risk, which incorporates probability and impact, a hazard simply represents the potential for harm.

Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is the systematic process of identifying hazards and evaluating the associated risks. This involves analyzing the likelihood and potential severity of harm, providing a basis for informed decision-making.

Risk Management

Risk management encompasses the strategies and processes used to minimize the negative effects of risk. This includes identifying, assessing, and controlling risks to acceptable levels.

Risk Mitigation

Risk mitigation refers to the actions taken to reduce the likelihood or impact of identified risks. These actions include implementing safety measures, developing contingency plans, and transferring risk through insurance or contractual agreements.

Risk Control

Risk control involves implementing specific measures to manage and reduce identified risks. This could include engineering controls, administrative controls, or personal protective equipment.

Uncontrollable Risk

Uncontrollable risk refers to the portion of risk that cannot be eliminated or mitigated with current technology, resources, or knowledge. It is important to acknowledge and understand these limitations.

Residual Risk

Residual risk is the risk that remains after risk mitigation strategies and controls have been implemented. It represents the level of risk that an organization must accept.

Risk Tolerance

Risk tolerance defines the level of risk an organization is willing to accept. This provides a framework for determining whether identified risks are acceptable or require further mitigation.

Context

Context encompasses the internal and external factors that influence risk management decisions. This includes regulatory requirements, industry standards, organizational culture, and stakeholder expectations.

The Pervasive Nature of Risk

Risk exists in every environment, demanding tailored management strategies.

Workplace Risk Management

In the workplace, risk management focuses on ensuring employee safety and preventing accidents or injuries.

For example, a construction site presents numerous hazards, including falls, equipment malfunctions, and exposure to hazardous materials. Risk management in this context involves implementing safety protocols, providing training, and ensuring the use of appropriate protective equipment.

Project Risk Management

In project management, risk management involves identifying and mitigating potential threats to project success. These threats may include scope creep, budget overruns, and resource constraints.

For example, in a software development project, risks might include technical difficulties, changing requirements, and delays in delivery. Risk management involves proactive planning, regular monitoring, and contingency plans to address potential issues.

Core Concepts Demystified: The Building Blocks of Risk Management

Building upon our foundational overview, a deeper understanding of risk management necessitates a thorough examination of its core concepts. This section will dissect the fundamental elements, clarifying the distinctions and interrelationships between key terms. This forms a solid base for effectively applying risk management principles in practical scenarios.

Risk Defined: Probability and Impact

At its core, risk is best understood as the potential for an event to occur that will impact objectives. The magnitude of this impact is determined by both the probability of the event and the severity of its consequences. These two dimensions work in tandem to define the overall risk level.

Mathematically, risk can be conceptually represented as:

Risk = Probability × Impact.

For example, consider a construction project.

The probability of a minor injury (e.g., a sprained ankle) might be relatively high, but the impact, while significant, is limited. In contrast, the probability of a major structural failure is low, but the impact, involving potential loss of life and extensive property damage, is catastrophic.

Therefore, effective risk management must address both high-probability, low-impact risks and low-probability, high-impact risks with tailored strategies.

Hazard vs. Risk: Clarifying the Distinction

It is crucial to differentiate between a hazard and a risk. A hazard is a source of potential harm or adverse health effects, while risk is the likelihood that harm will occur, combined with the severity of that harm.

Think of a container of flammable liquids as a hazard.

The risk, however, is the chance that these liquids might ignite and cause a fire, resulting in injury or property damage. The presence of the hazard does not automatically create a risk. Risk emerges when there is a pathway for exposure to the hazard.

Another illustrative scenario is electricity.

The electrical current is the hazard, while the risk is the potential for electric shock, burns, or electrocution if safety measures are not in place. Understanding this distinction is vital for proper risk assessment and mitigation.

The Risk Assessment Process: A Multi-Step Approach

Risk assessment is a systematic process for identifying hazards, analyzing associated risks, and evaluating the significance of those risks.

This process typically involves three key steps: identification, analysis, and evaluation.

Identification: Recognizing Potential Risks

Risk identification is the first critical step. This involves a thorough examination of all aspects of the environment, operation, or activity to uncover potential sources of risk.

Techniques for risk identification include:

• Brainstorming sessions with subject matter experts
• Reviewing past incident reports
• Conducting workplace inspections
• Analyzing process flowcharts
• Utilizing checklists

The identified risks should be clearly documented, describing the potential hazard, the potential consequences, and the circumstances under which the risk could materialize.

Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Once risks are identified, they must be analyzed to understand their potential impact and likelihood. Risk analysis can be either qualitative or quantitative, or a combination of both.

Qualitative Risk Analysis

Qualitative risk analysis relies on subjective judgment and expert opinion to assess the likelihood and impact of risks.

This approach often uses descriptive scales (e.g., low, medium, high) to categorize risks.

Qualitative analysis is useful when numerical data is limited or unavailable. For instance, assessing the risk of reputational damage resulting from a product recall would typically involve qualitative methods.

Quantitative Risk Analysis

Quantitative risk analysis uses numerical data and statistical techniques to estimate the probability and impact of risks.

This approach requires sufficient historical data or reliable models to generate meaningful results.

Quantitative analysis is often used to assess financial risks or project schedule risks, where numerical data is readily available. For example, Monte Carlo simulations can be used to model the potential range of project completion dates, considering various risk factors.

Evaluation: Determining Significance and Prioritization

The final step in the risk assessment process is to evaluate the significance of the identified risks and prioritize them for mitigation. This involves comparing the assessed risk levels against pre-defined risk acceptance criteria.

Risks that exceed the acceptance criteria should be prioritized for immediate action. The risk evaluation should consider both the potential severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence.

A risk matrix, which plots risks based on their likelihood and impact, is a common tool used to visualize and prioritize risks.

Risk Management Strategies: A Toolkit for Mitigation

Effective risk management involves implementing strategies to reduce the likelihood and impact of identified risks.

Several risk management strategies can be employed, including:

• Risk Mitigation
• Risk Control
• Risk Acceptance
• Contingency Planning

Risk Mitigation: Reducing Likelihood and Impact

Risk mitigation involves taking proactive steps to reduce the probability of a risk occurring or to minimize its potential impact if it does occur.

This strategy is most appropriate for risks that are deemed unacceptable and require immediate attention.

Examples of risk mitigation strategies include:

• Implementing engineering controls to eliminate hazards
• Developing and enforcing safety procedures
• Providing training to employees to reduce human error
• Purchasing insurance to transfer financial risk

Risk Control: Implementing Specific Measures

Risk control involves implementing specific measures to manage and monitor risks on an ongoing basis.

These measures may include:

• Regular inspections and audits
• Implementing monitoring systems
• Establishing clear lines of communication
• Developing emergency response plans

Risk control is an essential element of maintaining a safe and reliable operation.

Acceptance of Acceptable Risk: Tolerable Levels

Risk acceptance involves acknowledging that some risks are inherent in any activity and that the cost of mitigating those risks may outweigh the benefits.

This strategy is appropriate for risks that fall within the organization's risk tolerance threshold.

However, the acceptance of risk should be a conscious decision, documented with a clear rationale, and regularly reviewed. The organization must be prepared to accept the consequences if the risk materializes.

Contingency Planning: Preparing for Unexpected Events

Contingency planning involves developing plans and procedures to address unexpected events or emergencies.

This strategy focuses on minimizing the impact of risks that do occur, despite mitigation efforts.

Contingency plans should include:

• Clear roles and responsibilities
• Communication protocols
• Evacuation procedures
• Business continuity plans

Understanding Uncontrollable Risk and Residual Risk

It is essential to recognize that not all risks can be completely eliminated. Uncontrollable risks are risks that are beyond the organization's ability to influence or mitigate.

For example, natural disasters or significant economic shifts may present uncontrollable risks.

Residual risk is the risk that remains after mitigation strategies have been implemented. Even after taking all reasonable precautions, some level of risk will inevitably persist.

Managing residual risk involves:

• Monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation strategies
• Developing contingency plans to address potential consequences
• Communicating residual risks to stakeholders
• Regularly reviewing and updating risk assessments

Risk Tolerance: Setting Acceptable Thresholds

Risk tolerance is the level of risk that an organization or individual is willing to accept.

Risk tolerance varies depending on factors such as:

• Organizational culture
• Industry regulations
• Financial resources
• Stakeholder expectations

Setting acceptable risk thresholds involves balancing the potential benefits of an activity against the potential risks. It is crucial to establish clear and consistent risk tolerance criteria to guide decision-making.

The Importance of Context: Tailoring Risk Management

Risk management is not a one-size-fits-all process.

The appropriate strategies and techniques will vary depending on the specific context, including:

• Industry
• Organization size
• Geographic location
• Regulatory environment

For example, a construction company will face different risks than a software development company. Similarly, a multinational corporation will have different risk management needs than a small business.

Understanding the specific context is essential for developing effective and tailored risk management strategies. Ignoring contextual factors can lead to ineffective risk mitigation or even increased risk exposure.

Implementing Risk Management: Roles, Tools, and Techniques

Building upon our foundational overview, a deeper understanding of risk management necessitates a thorough examination of its core concepts. This section will dissect the fundamental elements, clarifying the distinctions and interrelationships between key terms. This forms a solid basis for practical application.

Transitioning from theoretical understanding, successful risk management hinges on effective implementation. This requires clearly defined roles, the application of appropriate tools and techniques, and the cultivation of a robust safety culture.

Roles and Responsibilities in Risk Management

Effective risk management is a collaborative effort, demanding clear responsibilities across an organization. The following roles are critical to its success.

The Risk Manager

The Risk Manager is central to the risk management process. This individual is responsible for developing, implementing, and overseeing the organization's risk management strategy.

Their responsibilities include:

• Identifying and assessing risks.
• Developing mitigation plans.
• Monitoring the effectiveness of risk controls.

Ideally, a Risk Manager should possess a strong understanding of risk management principles, industry-specific knowledge, and excellent communication skills. Certifications like the Certified Risk Manager (CRM) or similar credentials demonstrate a commitment to professional development and expertise.

Safety Officer/Manager

The Safety Officer/Manager is primarily concerned with workplace safety and compliance with safety regulations.

Their duties involve:

• Conducting safety inspections.
• Developing safety procedures.
• Providing safety training to employees.

A Safety Officer/Manager ensures a safe working environment, minimizing the risk of accidents and injuries.

Project Manager

In project-based organizations, the Project Manager plays a crucial role in identifying and managing risks associated with specific projects.

This includes:

• Developing risk management plans for projects.
• Monitoring project risks throughout the project lifecycle.
• Implementing mitigation strategies to address potential project disruptions.

Health and Safety Professionals

Health and Safety Professionals are dedicated to maintaining a safe and healthy work environment for all employees. They work to:

• Identify workplace hazards.
• Implement control measures.
• Promote a culture of safety.

Their expertise ensures compliance with health and safety regulations, minimizing risks to employee well-being.

Auditors

Auditors play an independent oversight role, assessing the effectiveness of the organization's risk management processes.

They review:

• Risk management policies.
• Procedures.
• Controls.

Auditors provide recommendations for improvement, ensuring the risk management framework is robust and effective.

Essential Tools and Techniques for Risk Management

A variety of tools and techniques are available to support the risk management process. The selection depends on the specific context and the nature of the risks being addressed.

Risk Register

The Risk Register is a central repository for tracking identified risks and their associated mitigation efforts.

It typically includes:

• A description of the risk.
• Its likelihood and impact.
• The assigned owner.
• The planned mitigation strategies.
• The status of mitigation efforts.

The Risk Register provides a comprehensive overview of the organization's risk landscape, facilitating proactive risk management.

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study)

HAZOP is a structured technique for identifying potential hazards and operational problems in systems or processes. It involves:

• A systematic review of each component of a system.
• Identifying potential deviations from the intended operating conditions.
• Assessing the potential consequences.

HAZOP is particularly useful in complex or high-risk environments.

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

FTA is a deductive failure analysis technique that starts with a specific undesirable event (e.g., a system failure) and traces back to its potential causes.

It uses:

• Logic gates to represent the relationships between events.
• Identify the combinations of events that could lead to the top-level failure.

FTA is helpful for understanding the root causes of failures and identifying critical components that require attention.

Bowtie Analysis

Bowtie Analysis is a visual technique that combines elements of fault tree analysis and event tree analysis.

It provides:

• A clear overview of the potential causes of a risk.
• The consequences if the risk occurs.
• The control measures in place to prevent or mitigate the risk.

The Bowtie visually represents the entire risk scenario from cause to consequence.

Risk Matrix

A Risk Matrix is a tool for assessing the likelihood and impact of identified risks.

It typically:

• Plots risks on a grid based on their probability and severity.
• Enables prioritization of risks for mitigation efforts.

Risks in the high-likelihood and high-impact quadrants require the most immediate attention.

Checklists and Inspections

Checklists and inspections are proactive methods for identifying potential hazards and ensuring compliance with safety standards. Regular inspections and systematic checklists help:

• Identify potential hazards before they lead to incidents.
• Ensure that safety controls are in place and effective.

Incident Reporting Systems

Incident Reporting Systems provide a mechanism for reporting and investigating incidents and near misses.

Analyzing incident data helps:

• Identify trends and patterns.
• Implement corrective actions to prevent future incidents.

Near misses are valuable learning opportunities, as they highlight potential weaknesses in the system before an actual incident occurs.

The Significance of Safety Culture

A strong safety culture is essential for effective risk management.

It reflects:

• Shared values and beliefs regarding safety.
• Commitment to preventing accidents and injuries.

Promoting a Proactive Safety Mindset

Cultivating a positive safety culture requires:

• Leadership Commitment: Visible support from management demonstrating commitment to safety.
• Employee Involvement: Engaging employees in the risk management process, encouraging them to report hazards and suggest improvements.
• Open Communication: Fostering an environment where employees feel comfortable raising safety concerns without fear of reprisal.
• Training and Education: Providing employees with the knowledge and skills necessary to identify and manage risks.
• Recognition and Rewards: Recognizing and rewarding employees who demonstrate a commitment to safety.

Applying the ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) Principle

The ALARP principle is a fundamental concept in risk management, especially in high-hazard industries. It involves balancing the costs and benefits of risk reduction measures.

Balancing Costs and Benefits in Risk Reduction

The ALARP principle dictates that risks should be reduced to the lowest level that is reasonably practicable, taking into account the cost, time, and effort required to implement additional controls.

It does not necessarily mean eliminating all risks, regardless of the cost.

Reducing Risks to the Lowest Reasonably Achievable Level

To illustrate ALARP, consider a manufacturing plant where workers are exposed to noise levels slightly above the permissible exposure limit.

• Scenario: Installing soundproofing measures would reduce noise levels significantly but would require a substantial capital investment and disrupt production for several weeks.
• ALARP Application: The plant management would need to assess the cost of soundproofing versus the benefits of reduced noise exposure, such as fewer hearing-related health issues and improved employee morale.
• Decision: If the cost of soundproofing is disproportionately high compared to the potential benefits, other less expensive measures, such as providing hearing protection and implementing noise reduction procedures, might be considered sufficient to meet the ALARP principle.

The ALARP principle emphasizes that risk reduction efforts should be proportionate to the risks involved, striving for continuous improvement without imposing unreasonable burdens.

Risk Management in Action: Real-World Scenarios and Standards

Building upon our foundational overview, a deeper understanding of risk management necessitates a thorough examination of its practical applications and adherence to established standards. This section delves into real-world scenarios across diverse workplace environments, explores relevant organizational guidelines, and underscores the importance of continuous improvement in risk management practices. By understanding how risk management functions in specific contexts and conforming to regulatory expectations, organizations can better protect their employees and assets.

Common Workplace Scenarios: A Practical Perspective

Examining common workplace scenarios provides concrete examples of how risk management principles translate into actionable strategies. Understanding the unique risks inherent in each environment is paramount for effective mitigation and prevention.

Construction Site: Navigating High-Risk Environments

Construction sites are inherently high-risk environments due to the presence of heavy machinery, elevated work platforms, and a constantly changing landscape. Specific hazards include falls from height, struck-by incidents involving equipment, electrocution from exposed wiring, and trench collapses.

Effective risk management involves comprehensive hazard identification, rigorous safety training, and the consistent enforcement of safety protocols. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as hard hats, safety boots, and high-visibility vests, are essential for minimizing the severity of potential injuries.

Factory/Manufacturing Plant: Safeguarding Operational Integrity

Manufacturing plants present a different set of risks, primarily related to operational processes, machinery, and the handling of hazardous materials. Key concerns include machine guarding, chemical exposure, fire hazards, and ergonomic stressors.

Risk management strategies must focus on implementing robust safety measures, such as lockout/tagout procedures for machinery maintenance, proper ventilation systems for controlling chemical fumes, and comprehensive fire prevention plans.

Furthermore, ergonomic assessments are crucial for minimizing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

Office Environment: Addressing Often-Overlooked Risks

While often perceived as less hazardous, office environments still present a range of risks that require careful consideration. These include ergonomic issues related to prolonged computer use, slips, trips, and falls, fire safety concerns, and indoor air quality.

Implementing ergonomic workstations, conducting regular fire drills, and maintaining a clean and clutter-free environment are essential steps in mitigating these risks. Proper ventilation and air filtration systems are also critical for ensuring good indoor air quality.

Organizational Standards and Guidelines: Guiding Principles

Various organizations provide standards and guidelines that serve as valuable resources for developing and implementing effective risk management programs. Adherence to these standards demonstrates a commitment to safety and continuous improvement.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) (US): Enforcing Workplace Safety Regulations

OSHA is a U.S. government agency responsible for setting and enforcing workplace safety and health standards. OSHA’s regulations cover a wide range of industries and hazards, including construction, manufacturing, and general industry.

Compliance with OSHA standards is legally required and essential for preventing workplace injuries and illnesses.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) (US): Providing Research and Recommendations

NIOSH is a U.S. federal agency that conducts research and provides recommendations for preventing work-related injuries and illnesses. NIOSH’s research informs the development of new safety standards and best practices, contributing to a safer and healthier workforce.

HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (UK): Overseeing Work-Related Health and Safety in Great Britain

The HSE is a UK government agency responsible for regulating and enforcing workplace health and safety laws in Great Britain. HSE's mission is to prevent work-related death, injury, and ill-health through a combination of regulation, enforcement, and guidance.

Regulatory and Legal/Regulatory Requirements: Ensuring Compliance

Ensuring compliance with relevant laws, standards, and regulatory requirements is a critical component of effective risk management. Failure to comply can result in significant penalties, legal liabilities, and reputational damage.

Organizations must stay abreast of all applicable regulations and implement systems for monitoring compliance. This may involve conducting regular audits, providing employee training, and maintaining accurate records.

The role of government agencies in risk management is to establish and enforce safety regulations, conduct inspections, and investigate workplace accidents.

The Importance of Continuous Improvement: Adapting to Change

Risk management is not a static process; it requires continuous improvement to remain effective. Regular reviews and updates to risk management plans are essential for adapting to changing conditions, incorporating new information, and addressing emerging hazards.

Triggers that might necessitate updating a risk management plan include changes in organizational structure, new technologies, incidents or near misses, revised regulations, and evolving industry best practices.

By embracing a culture of continuous improvement, organizations can ensure that their risk management programs remain relevant, effective, and aligned with their overall business objectives. This proactive approach is critical for maintaining a safe and healthy work environment and mitigating potential risks.

Ethical Considerations: Fairness, Transparency, and Stakeholder Interests

Building upon our foundational overview, a deeper understanding of risk management necessitates a thorough examination of its practical applications and adherence to established standards. This section delves into real-world scenarios across diverse workplace environments, explores relevant organizational guidelines, and, critically, addresses the ethical considerations that underpin effective risk mitigation strategies. It is imperative to recognize that risk management is not solely a technical exercise but one deeply entwined with moral obligations.

The Moral Compass of Risk Management

Ethical conduct in risk management demands that decisions are not only efficient and effective but also just and equitable. This requires a conscious effort to mitigate potential biases and ensure that the burdens and benefits of risk management strategies are distributed fairly across all affected parties.

Fairness and Equity in Risk Distribution

The principle of fairness dictates that risk should be distributed equitably, preventing disproportionate burdens on specific individuals or groups. This requires a thorough assessment of how risk management decisions may impact different stakeholders, particularly vulnerable populations.

For instance, consider the siting of industrial facilities. Risk assessments must consider the potential environmental and health impacts on nearby communities, and mitigation strategies must be implemented to minimize these impacts, especially for those who may lack the resources to protect themselves.

This necessitates a commitment to procedural justice, ensuring that all stakeholders have an opportunity to participate in the decision-making process. The goal is not merely to manage risk, but to do so in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of all those affected.

Balancing Stakeholder Interests

Risk management often involves navigating competing interests and priorities among diverse stakeholders. These stakeholders may include employees, customers, shareholders, local communities, and regulatory agencies, each with unique perspectives and concerns.

For example, a decision to implement automation technologies may improve efficiency and profitability for shareholders, but it could also lead to job displacement for employees. Ethical risk management requires careful consideration of these potential trade-offs, seeking solutions that balance economic benefits with social responsibility.

This balancing act often requires compromise and collaboration, seeking solutions that address the needs of multiple stakeholders without unduly burdening any single group. It requires a commitment to stakeholder engagement, actively soliciting input from affected parties and incorporating their perspectives into the decision-making process.

Transparency and Communication

Transparency is paramount to building trust and ensuring accountability in risk management. This requires open and honest communication about the nature of risks, the rationale behind risk management decisions, and the potential impacts on stakeholders.

Effective communication is not merely about disseminating information; it is about engaging in a meaningful dialogue with stakeholders, actively listening to their concerns, and responding to their questions in a clear and timely manner.

Practical Recommendations for Communicating Risk Management Plans

To enhance transparency, consider the following:

• Develop a comprehensive communication plan: Outline the key messages, target audiences, communication channels, and timelines for disseminating risk management information.

• Use plain language: Avoid technical jargon and explain complex concepts in a way that is easily understandable to non-experts.

• Provide multiple channels for feedback: Offer stakeholders various ways to express their concerns and provide input, such as surveys, focus groups, and online forums.

• Be proactive in addressing concerns: Anticipate potential questions and concerns from stakeholders and provide timely and accurate responses.

• Document all communications: Maintain a record of all communication activities, including the dates, times, participants, and key topics discussed.

By embracing transparency and engaging in open communication, organizations can foster trust, enhance stakeholder engagement, and improve the overall effectiveness of their risk management efforts. It is an ethical imperative that strengthens both the organization and its relationship with the world around it.

So, next time you're facing a potential problem, remember to take a step back and really assess it. Is it something you can influence? If so, congratulations – you're dealing with what is a controllable risk! Now you can put those management strategies into action and work towards a safer, smoother outcome. Good luck!